{"id":7105,"date":"2026-03-12T16:59:55","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T16:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/?page_id=7105"},"modified":"2026-04-07T03:25:43","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T03:25:43","slug":"sistem-proproportional-representation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/sistem-proproportional-representation\/","title":{"rendered":"Sistem Proproportional Representation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7105\" class=\"elementor elementor-7105\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cbf697 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cbf697\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6357553 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6357553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apa itu  <i>Proportional Representation<\/i>?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00053a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00053a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Sistem Perwakilan Berkadar <em>(Proportional Representation)<\/em> membahagikan kerusi Parlimen secara adil mengikut peratusan undi yang diterima supaya setiap undian belia mempunyai nilai perwakilan yang tepat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-081d8c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"081d8c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kenapa PBMy guna  <i>Proportional Representation<\/i>?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03e6179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03e6179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Sistem PR digunakan dalam PBMy untuk menjamin perwakilan yang lebih adil dan inklusif dan membolehkan pelbagai kelompok suara belia terlibat aktif dalam pembentukan dasar negara.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a070524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a070524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kelebihan <i>Proportional Representation<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b076d3c e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b076d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebdacfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebdacfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Perwakilan lebih adil<\/li><li>Memberi peluang dan ruang untuk parti kecil<\/li><li>Mengurangkan dominasi satu parti<\/li><li>Tingkatkan penyertaan pengundi<\/li><li>Mengelak politik konsensus<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd296b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd296b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sistem <i>Party List<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-777058b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"777058b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">Sistem<em> Party List<\/em> adalah kaedah pilihanraya di mana pengundi memilih parti, dan kerusi diagihkan secara berkadar kepada setiap parti berdasarkan undi yang diterima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb3efa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cb3efa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ef0f48 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ef0f48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0233ba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0233ba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abebe71 elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"abebe71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-desktop\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M528 0H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v320c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h192l-16 48h-72c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24s10.7 24 24 24h272c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24h-72l-16-48h192c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm-16 352H64V64h448v288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUndi untuk Parti\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPengundi mengundi parti, bukan individu calon\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6b61c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6b61c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce430fe elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"ce430fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calculator\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M400 0H48C22.4 0 0 22.4 0 48v416c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h352c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V48c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zM128 435.2c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm0-128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm128 128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm0-128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm128 128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8V268.8c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v166.4zm0-256c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8V76.8C64 70.4 70.4 64 76.8 64h294.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v102.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAgihan Berkadar\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKerusi diagihkan mengikut perkadaran undi\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67be5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67be5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614bc84 elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"614bc84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-user-friends\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M192 256c61.9 0 112-50.1 112-112S253.9 32 192 32 80 82.1 80 144s50.1 112 112 112zm76.8 32h-8.3c-20.8 10-43.9 16-68.5 16s-47.6-6-68.5-16h-8.3C51.6 288 0 339.6 0 403.2V432c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48v-28.8c0-63.6-51.6-115.2-115.2-115.2zM480 256c53 0 96-43 96-96s-43-96-96-96-96 43-96 96 43 96 96 96zm48 32h-3.8c-13.9 4.8-28.6 8-44.2 8s-30.3-3.2-44.2-8H432c-20.4 0-39.2 5.9-55.7 15.4 24.4 26.3 39.7 61.2 39.7 99.8v38.4c0 2.2-.5 4.3-.6 6.4H592c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48 0-61.9-50.1-112-112-112z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSenarai Calon\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParti mengisi kerusi menggunakan senarai calon mereka\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58119f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58119f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PBMy menggunakan <em>Closed Party List<\/em><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efb45e9 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efb45e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21359ec e-con-full icon-box-no-marginTop e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21359ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-278059d elementor-view-framed elementor-position-inline-start elementor-shape-circle elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"278059d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-lock\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M400 224h-24v-72C376 68.2 307.8 0 224 0S72 68.2 72 152v72H48c-26.5 0-48 21.5-48 48v192c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V272c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm-104 0H152v-72c0-39.7 32.3-72 72-72s72 32.3 72 72v72z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i>Closed Party List<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e820e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e820e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"list-style: none; padding-left: 0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #6b6b6b;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Pengundi hanya memilih parti<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Agihan kerusi bermula dari calon teratas senarai mengikut quota yang ditetapkan<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Calon yang dipilih berdasarkan nombor urutan. Jika parti mendapat dua kerusi, calon yang dipilih adalah no 1 dan 2<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c402b3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c402b3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\"><strong><em>Mengikut formula Hare Quota, kerusi yang dimenangi adalah hak milik parti PBMy. Jika ahli Parlimen PBMy hilang kelayakan atau digugurkan, parti mesti mencalonkan pengganti untuk diluluskan oleh Lembaga Tadbir Urus (LTU).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0707691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0707691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contoh <i>Proportional Representation<\/i> di Negara Lain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9c3f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9c3f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Sila lihat contoh di <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proportional_representation#List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sini.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apa itu Proportional Representation? Sistem Perwakilan Berkadar (Proportional Representation) membahagikan kerusi Parlimen secara adil mengikut peratusan undi yang diterima supaya setiap undian belia mempunyai nilai perwakilan yang tepat. Kenapa PBMy guna Proportional Representation? Sistem PR digunakan dalam PBMy untuk menjamin perwakilan yang lebih adil dan inklusif dan membolehkan pelbagai kelompok suara belia terlibat aktif dalam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5962,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7105","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7105"}],"version-history":[{"count":85,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8634,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105\/revisions\/8634"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5962"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}