{"id":7105,"date":"2026-03-12T16:59:55","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T16:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/?page_id=7105"},"modified":"2026-04-07T03:25:43","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T03:25:43","slug":"sistem-proproportional-representation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/sistem-proproportional-representation\/","title":{"rendered":"Proportional Representation System"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7105\" class=\"elementor elementor-7105\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cbf697 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cbf697\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6357553 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6357553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is  <i>Proportional Representation<\/i>?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00053a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00053a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Proportional Representation system <em>(Proportional Representation)<\/em> allocates parliamentary seats fairly according to the percentage of votes received, ensuring that every youth vote carries accurate representative value.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-081d8c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"081d8c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why PBMy use  <i>Proportional Representation<\/i>?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03e6179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03e6179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">The PR system is used in PBMy to ensure fairer and more inclusive representation, while enabling diverse youth voices to participate actively in shaping national policies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a070524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a070524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kelebihan <i>Proportional Representation<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b076d3c e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b076d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebdacfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebdacfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Fairer representation<\/li><li>Provides opportunities and space for smaller parties<\/li><li>Reduces the dominance of a single party<\/li><li>Increases voter participation<\/li><li>Prevents political consensus<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd296b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd296b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default translation-block\"><i>Party List<\/i> System<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-777058b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"777058b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">Sistem<em> Party List<\/em> is an electoral method in which voters choose a political party, and seats are allocated proportionally to each party based on the votes received.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb3efa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cb3efa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ef0f48 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ef0f48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0233ba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0233ba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abebe71 elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"abebe71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-desktop\" viewbox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M528 0H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v320c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h192l-16 48h-72c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24s10.7 24 24 24h272c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24h-72l-16-48h192c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm-16 352H64V64h448v288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVote for Party\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoters vote for parties, not individual candidates\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6b61c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6b61c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce430fe elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"ce430fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calculator\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M400 0H48C22.4 0 0 22.4 0 48v416c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h352c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V48c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zM128 435.2c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm0-128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm128 128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm0-128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8v-38.4c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v38.4zm128 128c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8h-38.4c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8V268.8c0-6.4 6.4-12.8 12.8-12.8h38.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v166.4zm0-256c0 6.4-6.4 12.8-12.8 12.8H76.8c-6.4 0-12.8-6.4-12.8-12.8V76.8C64 70.4 70.4 64 76.8 64h294.4c6.4 0 12.8 6.4 12.8 12.8v102.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProportional Allocation\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSeats are allocated according to the proportion of votes received\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67be5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67be5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614bc84 elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"614bc84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-user-friends\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M192 256c61.9 0 112-50.1 112-112S253.9 32 192 32 80 82.1 80 144s50.1 112 112 112zm76.8 32h-8.3c-20.8 10-43.9 16-68.5 16s-47.6-6-68.5-16h-8.3C51.6 288 0 339.6 0 403.2V432c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48v-28.8c0-63.6-51.6-115.2-115.2-115.2zM480 256c53 0 96-43 96-96s-43-96-96-96-96 43-96 96 43 96 96 96zm48 32h-3.8c-13.9 4.8-28.6 8-44.2 8s-30.3-3.2-44.2-8H432c-20.4 0-39.2 5.9-55.7 15.4 24.4 26.3 39.7 61.2 39.7 99.8v38.4c0 2.2-.5 4.3-.6 6.4H592c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48 0-61.9-50.1-112-112-112z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCandidate List\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParties fill the seats using their candidate lists\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58119f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58119f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PBMy uses <em>Closed Party List<\/em><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efb45e9 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efb45e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21359ec e-con-full icon-box-no-marginTop e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21359ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-278059d elementor-view-framed elementor-position-inline-start elementor-shape-circle elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"278059d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-lock\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M400 224h-24v-72C376 68.2 307.8 0 224 0S72 68.2 72 152v72H48c-26.5 0-48 21.5-48 48v192c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h352c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V272c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48zm-104 0H152v-72c0-39.7 32.3-72 72-72s72 32.3 72 72v72z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i>Closed Party List<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e820e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e820e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"list-style: none; padding-left: 0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #6b6b6b;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Voters only choose party<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Seat allocation begins with the top candidates on the list according to the prescribed quota.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: red; font-size: 20px; margin-right: 10px;\">\u2022<\/span>Candidates are selected based on their order in the list. If a party wins two seats, the selected candidates will be numbers 1 and 2.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c402b3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c402b3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\"><strong><em>Under the Hare Quota formula, seats won belong to the PBMy party. If a PBMy Member of Parliament loses eligibility or is disqualified, the party must nominate a replacement for approval by the Board of Governance (LTU).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0707691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0707691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default translation-block\">Examples of <i>Proportional Representation<\/i> in other contries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9c3f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9c3f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Please refer to the example <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proportional_representation#List_of_countries_using_proportional_representation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apa itu Proportional Representation? Sistem Perwakilan Berkadar (Proportional Representation) membahagikan kerusi Parlimen secara adil mengikut peratusan undi yang diterima supaya setiap undian belia mempunyai nilai perwakilan yang tepat. Kenapa PBMy guna Proportional Representation? Sistem PR digunakan dalam PBMy untuk menjamin perwakilan yang lebih adil dan inklusif dan membolehkan pelbagai kelompok suara belia terlibat aktif dalam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5962,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7105","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7105"}],"version-history":[{"count":86,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9094,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7105\/revisions\/9094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5962"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pbmy.parlimen.gov.my\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}